![]() However, the results of human clinical trials on TRE are controversial, especially regarding weight loss, lipid profiles, and glucose metabolism. Studies in rodents have demonstrated that TRE reduces body weight and improves markers of metabolic health without altering energy consumption (Hatori et al., 2012 Sherman et al., 2012). Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a type of intermittent fasting (IF) in which eating is restricted to a reduced number of fixed hours per day, prolonging the fasting period (Chaix et al., 2019 de Cabo & Mattson, 2019 Panda, 2016 Zarrinpar et al., 2016). Therefore, adherence to dietary strategies to achieve satisfactory weight loss and metabolic benefits remains prevalent. However, many individuals find it difficult to adhere to calorie restriction (CR) diets (Del Corral et al., 2009). Lifestyle interventions, including reduced energy intake and increased regular exercise, have been the first-line therapies in efforts to combat obesity (Anderson et al., 2001). Effectively curbing obesity is a pressing issue worldwide. In China, standardized mean body mass index (BMI) levels rose from 22.7 kg/m 2 in 2004 to 24.4 kg/m 2 in 2018 and obesity prevalence from 3.1% to 8.1% (Wang et al., 2021). A study by Ward et al. ( 2019) suggested that by 2030, nearly one in every two US adults will have obesity, and severe obesity is estimated to be found in close to 25% of US adults. Obesity has a high global prevalence, and it is not an exaggeration to call it an epidemic (Aguilar-Gallardo et al., 2022). Furthermore, novel data indicate that obesity and impaired metabolic health are important risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Stefan, 2022 Stefan et al., 2021). Obesity is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer, and other adverse pathological conditions (Williams et al., 2015). Obesity represents a pathological state caused by multiple factors, such as a diet rich in sugar and oil and poor living habits. TRE (8/16) also reduced HOMA-IR therefore, it may have a positive effect on glucose metabolism. In conclusion, TRE (8/16), especially eTRE, or in combination with caloric intake restriction, is a potential therapeutic strategy for weight control in overweight and obese adults. TRE (8/16) showed beneficial effects on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, MD: −0.32, 95% CI: −0.59 to −0.06), but had no significant effect on other parameters of glucose metabolism and lipid profiles. The energy restriction and early TRE (eTRE) subgroups resulted in greater weight loss. There was no significant difference in lean mass change with TRE intervention (MD: −0.48 kg, 95% CI: −1.02 to 0.05, p = .08, I 2 = 41%). Participants following TRE (8/16) showed significant body weight reduction (mean difference : −1.48 kg, 95% confidence interval : −2.53 to −0.44) and fat mass reduction (MD: −1.09 kg, 95% CI: −1.55 to −0.63). Eight RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Articles reviewed from PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register for the relevant RCTs that compared TRE (8/16) to non-TRE in overweight and obese adults. Therefore, this meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on TRE (8/16) in overweight and obese adults to determine its impact on body weight and metabolism. At present, TRE (8/16, 8 h eating:16 h fasting) is the most common form of TRE. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a new therapeutic strategy for the management of weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases.
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